MY LEARNING CORNER: SOCIAL SCIENCE

Social Science Projects

Group 3A The French Revolution

Group 6A The Second Republic

Group 4A The Civil War

Group 2A Franco's Dictatorship

Group 4B The Second Republic

Group 2B The Civil War

Group 3B The Spanish War of Independence

Group 5B The French Revolution

Group 1B The Restoration

Group 1A The Second Republic

EUROPE

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

EUROPE`S RIVERS

EUROPE`S RELIEF

EUROPE'S COASTLINE

ROMAN NUMERALS

The way we write numbers, using Hindu-Arabic numerals, is hardly the only way to do so. Many civilizations used other means to denote numbers. For example, the Romans represented numbers using the numerals I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. These numerals represent the following numbers:

Roman Numeral	Hindu-Arabic Equivalent
I	1
V	5
X	10
L	50
C	100
D	500
M	1000

There are a few rules for writing numbers with Roman numerals.

Repeating a numeral up to three times represents addition of the number. For example, III represents 1 + 1 + 1 = 3. Only I, X, C, and M can be repeated; V, L, and D cannot be, and there is no need to do so.

Writing numerals that decrease from left to right represents addition of the numbers. For example, LX represents 50 + 10 = 60 and XVI represents 10 + 5 + 1 = 16.

To write a number that otherwise would take repeating of a numeral four or more times, there is a subtraction rule. Writing a smaller numeral to the left of a larger numeral represents subtraction. For example, IV represents 5 - 1 = 4 and IX represents 10 - 1 = 9. To avoid ambiguity, the only pairs of numerals that use this subtraction rule are:

Roman Numeral Hindu-Arabic Equivalent

IV 4 = 5 - 1

IX 9 = 10 - 1

XL 40 = 50 - 10

XC 90 = 100 - 10

CD 400 = 500 - 100

CM 900 = 1000 - 100